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Mechanisms of response and resistance to combined decitabine and ipilimumab for advanced myeloid disease

The challenge of eradicating leukemia for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) following initial cytoreduction has motivated modern efforts to combine synergistic active modalities including immunotherapy. Recently, the ETCTN/CTEP 10026 (NCT02890329) study tested the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine together with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab for AML/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) either following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or in the HSCT-naïve setting. Integrative transcriptome-based analysis of 304,961 individual marrow-infiltrating cells for 18 of 48 subjects treated on study revealed the strong association of response with a high baseline ratio of T to AML cells. Clinical responses were predominantly driven by decitabine-induced cytoreduction. Evidence of immune activation was only apparent following ipilimumab exposure, which altered CD4+ T cell gene expression, in line with ongoing T cell differentiation and increased frequency of marrow-infiltrating regulatory T cells. For post-HSCT samples, relapse could be attributed to insufficient clearing of malignant clones in progenitor cell populations. In contrast to AML/MDS bone marrow, the transcriptomes of leukemia cutis samples from patients with durable remission after ipilimumab monotherapy showed evidence of increased infiltration with antigen-experienced resident memory T cells and higher expression of CTLA-4 and FOXP3. Altogether, activity of combined decitabine and ipilimumab is impacted by cellular expression states within the microenvironmental niche of leukemia cells. The inadequate elimination of leukemic progenitors mandates urgent development of novel approaches for targeting these cell populations to generate long-lasting responses.

 

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The combination of decitabine and ipilimumab was tested in AML/MDS patients either following allogeneic HSCT or in the HSCT-naive setting, and clinical responses were predominantly driven by decitabine-induced cytoreduction, with evidence of immune activation only apparent following ipilimumab exposure, which altered CD4+ T cell gene expression and increased the frequency of marrow-infiltrating regulatory T cells; however, the inadequate elimination of leukemic progenitors mandates the development of novel approaches for targeting these cell populations to generate long-lasting responses.

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Cat.No. Product Name Information
S1200 Decitabine Decitabine is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, incorporating into DNA and resulting in hypomethylation of DNA and intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication. It is used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Decitabine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines.

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Apoptosis related Nucleoside Analog/Antimetabolite DNA Methyltransferase