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TNF-alpha

Isoform-selective Products

TNF-α

Signaling Pathway

TNF-alpha Products

All (70)
TNF-alpha Inhibitors (53)
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New TNF-alpha Products

Catalog No.	Product Name	Information	Product Use Citations
S8037	Necrostatin-1	Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific RIP1 (RIPK1) inhibitor and inhibits TNF-α-induced necroptosis with EC50 of 490 nM in 293T cells. Necrostatin-1 also blocks IDO and suppresses autophagy and apoptosis.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):113 Mil Med Res, 2024, 11(1):22 Redox Biol, 2024, 75:103270
S1623	Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine)	Acetylcysteine (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, NAC,N-acetylcysteine) is a ROS(reactive oxygen species) inhibitor that antagonizes the activity of proteasome inhibitors. It is also a tumor necrosis factor production inhibitor. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) suppresses TNF-induced NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκB kinases. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) induces apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) inhibits ferroptosis and virus replication.Solutions are unstable and should be fresh-prepared.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4124 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4124 Dev Cell, 2024, S1534-5807(24)00326-5
S1029	Lenalidomide	Lenalidomide is a TNF-α secretion inhibitor with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide promotes cleaved caspase-3 expression and inhibit VEGF expression and induces apoptosis.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9559 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7388 Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
S4902	QNZ (EVP4593)	QNZ (EVP4593) shows potent inhibitory activity toward both NF-κB activation and TNF-α production with IC50 of 11 nM and 7 nM in Jurkat T cells, respectively.	Bioact Mater, 2024, 36:238-255 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1835 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(2):101420
S1567	Pomalidomide	Pomalidomide inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α release with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Pomalidomide can be utilized in PROTAC as a ligand for targeting E3 ligase and inhibiting the E3 ligase protein cereblon (CRBN). Pomalidomide promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7388 Cell Chem Biol, 2024, S2451-9456(24)00396-9 FEBS J, 2024, 10.1111/febs.17196
S7455	Resatorvid (TAK-242)	Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy.	Cancer Cell, 2024, S1535-6108(24)00119-3 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7662 Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103072
S1189	Aprepitant	Aprepitant is a potent and selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 nM. Aprepitant reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. Aprepitant inhibits HIV infection of human macrophages.	Br J Cancer, 2024, 10.1038/s41416-024-02608-8 Inflammation, 2023, 46(1):256-269 Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):4995
S1537	Vadimezan (DMXAA)	Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agents (VDA) and competitive inhibitor of DT-diaphorase with Ki of 20 μM and IC50 of 62.5 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. DMXAA (Vadimezan) is also a STING agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. DMXAA (Vadimezan) potently induces IFN-β but relatively low TNF-α expression in vitro. DMXAA (Vadimezan) has antiviral activity. Phase 3.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):186 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1750 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(7):101648
S8279	Shikonin	Shikonin, a potent and specific Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor, is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with various biological activities. It is also an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel activity using cell-based fluorescent-quenching assay. Shikonin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevents activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway via proteasome inhibition.	Elife, 2024, 12RP91141 Elife, 2024, 12RP91141 Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev, 2024, 32(3):101307
S1193	Thalidomide	Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative drug, immunomodulatory agent and also is investigated for treating symptoms of many cancers. Thalidomide inhibits cereblon (CRBN), a part of the cullin-4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4-RBX1-DDB1.	Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(10):101752 iScience, 2024, 27(2):109015. bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.03.29.587346
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605 Front Immunol, 2024, 15:1331480 Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
A2010	Adalimumab (anti-TNF-alpha)	Adalimumab (anti-TNF-alpha) is the first fully human, recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets human TNF-alpha, MW: 144.19 KD.	Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314 Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314 Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314
S8034	Apremilast	Apremilast (CC-10004) is a potent and orally active PDE4 and TNF-α inhibitor with IC50 of 74 nM and 77 nM, respectively.	Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1):40 Acta Pharm Sin B, 2022, 12(1):228-245 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(23)12878
S6643	R-7050	R-7050 is a cell permeable TNF-α receptor antagonist and is 2.3-fold more selective for TNF-α-mediated signaling than for that driven by IL-1β.	Ren Fail, 2023, 45(1):2220418 Elife, 2022, 11e73792 Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(24)15522
S4238	Cepharanthine	Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a biscoclaurine alkaloid inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation and suppressing cytokine production.	SLAS Discov, 2024, S2472-5552(24)00007-8 Cell Death Dis, 2022, 13(11):1000 Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:1070922
S8484	GSK2982772	GSK2982772 is an ATP competitive receptor-interacting protein-1 (RIP1) kinase (RIPK1) inhibitor with the IC50 value of 16 nM. It has exquisite kinase specificity and excellent activity in blocking many TNF-dependent cellular responses.	Antioxidants (Basel), 2021, 10(9)1347 Mol Cell Biochem, 2021, 10.1007/s11010-021-04136-y Exp Ther Med, 2021, 21(2):163
A2019	Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha)	Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha) is a purified, recombinant DNA-derived chimeric human-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody that consists of mouse heavy and light chain variable regions combined with human heavy and light chain constant regions. Infliximab neutralizes the biological activity of TNF-α by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-α, and inhibits or prevents the effective binding of TNF-α with its receptors. MW=144.2 kDa.	Cancer Commun (Lond), 2024, 44(3):408-432 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3902 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3902
S3924	Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.	J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(8):107542 J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0 J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
S8261	GSK583	GSK583 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of RIP2 kinase with IC50 of 5 nM. GSK583 also inhibits both TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC50 of ~200 nM in explant cultures.	Cancer Res, 2020, canres.530.2020 J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1):364
S0787	3-Deazaadenosine hydrochloride	3-Deazaadenosine HCl (3-DZA, c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase with Ki of 3.9 µM. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of TNF-α and IL-1β. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, prevents FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and reduces FCS-induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-HIV activities.	J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2022, 41(1):36 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 168:25-43
S3292	Falcarindiol	Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13:1128000 Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:656697
S3865	Taurochenodeoxycholic acid	Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Taurochenodeoxycholate, TCDCA, Chenodeoxycholyltaurine), a bile acid formed in the liver of most species, is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.	Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):6479 Microbiome, 2019, 7(1):145
S2979	CU-T12-9	CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.	Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638 Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S7942	Bioymifi	Bioymifi, a small-molecule death receptor 5 (DR5) agonist, binds to the extracellular domain(ECD) of DR5 with a Kd of 1.2 μM but showed little binding affinity to the DR4 ECD. It induces DR5 clustering and aggregation, leading to apoptosis.	Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):27 Front Immunol, 2020, 11:1345
S9374	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP, 2-Acetylhydroquinone, Quinacetophenone) is a mixture of dihydroxyacetophenone isomers is used in food flavouring. 2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone significantly inhibits NO production via the suppression of iNOS expression. 2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone significantly decreases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by blocking the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.	Pathol Oncol Res, 2019, 25(1):301-309
S3871	Muscone	Muscone (3-Methylcyclopentadecanone, Methylexaltone), a flavouring ingredient, is an organic compound that is the primary contributor to the odor of musk and also a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Muscone significantly downregulats the levels of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. Muscone remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6).	J Pharm Pharmacol, 2019, 71(11):1706-1713
S9396	Geraniin	Geraniin, a hydrolysable polyphenol derived from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit rind, has been shown to possess significant antioxidant activity in vitro.The IC50 values of TNF-α release inhibition were 43 μM for geraniin.	Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022, 29(1):168-174
S2465	CPI-1189	CPI-1189 (REN 1654, REN 1189) is the proapoptotic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitor. CPI-1189 intracellularly inhibits the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphoactivation and shows neuroprotective effects.	Aging (Albany NY), 2021, 13(5):6712-6723
S9502	Madecassic acid	Madecassic acid (Brahmic acid), a natural triterpene first isolated from C. asiatica, has diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, blocking NF-κB activation in macrophages and causing by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 inhibition.	Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16:3793-3804
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
S3236	Mesaconitine	Mesaconitine, one of the aconite alkaloids in Aconiti tuber, increases the [Ca2+]i level in endothelial cells by influx of Ca2+ from extracellular spaces.
E3067	Trionycis Carapax Extract	Trionycis Carapax Extract is obtained from Carapax Trionycis, of which Carapax Trionycis extracts with molecular weight less than 6 KD (CT6) down-regulates TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6, indicating the potential therapeutic effect of these extracts against liver fibrosis.
E0314	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride is a prodrug compound that is converted to an active form by ester hydrolysis. JTE-607 is a multiple cytokine production inhibitor that targets CPSF3 and inhibits pre-mRNA processing. JTE-607 inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, with IC50 values of 11 nM, 5.9 nM, 8.8 nM, 7.3 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively.
S3231	UCB-9260	UCB-9260 is an orally active inhibitor that inhibits TNF signalling by stabilising an asymmetric form of the trimer. UCB-9260 binds TNF with Kd of 13 nM. UCB-9260 also inhibits NF-κB with IC50 of 202 nM after TNF stimulation.
S0949	Cucurbitacin IIb	Cucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb, Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 25-deacetyl hemslecin A) inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB, blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and induces apoptosis. Cucurbitacin IIb is isolated from Hemsleya amabilis.
S0752	AUDA	AUDA (compound 43) is a potent inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) with IC50 of 18 nM and 69 nM for the mouse sEH and human sEH, respectively. AUDA has anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the protein expression of MMP-9, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β. AUDA downregulates Smad3 and p38 signaling pathways.
S0777	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base)	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base, Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of pan NADPH oxidase (pan-Nox) with Ki of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, respectively. APX-115 free base (Ewha-18278 free base) significantly suppresses the expression of inflammatory molecules including MCP-1/CCL2, IL-6, and TNFα in the diabetic kidney.
S0781	IQ 3	IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. IQ 3 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. IQ 3 also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro.	Int J Biol Sci, 2024, 20(6):2323-2338
S3515	Benpyrine racemate	Benpyrine racemate ((Rac)-Benpyrine) is a potent, highly specific and orally active inhibitor of TNF-α and attenuates TNF-α-induced inflammation, thereby reducing liver and lung injury.
E3245	Piperis Kadsurae Caulis Extract	Piperis Kadsurae Caulis Extract is extracted from Piperis Kadsurae Caulis., which can reduce the expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α in cells.
A2892	Golimumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa)	Golimumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa) is a human monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) with immunosuppressive activity. MW: 146.94 KD.
E3310	Brassica Juncea Seed Extract	Brassica juncea seed Extract is obtained from seeds of Brassica juncea L., which confers a protective/therapeutic effect against thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure in experimental animal models, by markedly downregulating the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and reversing DNA genotoxicity.
E3633	Ginger Extract	Ginger Extract is extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which has antioxidant potential and regulates STAT6 and TNF- α pathways.
E3634	Ginger Extract(1%)	Ginger Extract(1%) is extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which has antioxidant potential and regulates STAT6 and TNF- α pathways.
E3329	Centella Asiatica Extract	Centella Asiatica Extract is extrcated from Centella Asiatica, which inhibits TNF-alpha and can be used as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.
S3540	UTL-5g	UTL-5g (GBL-5g) is a novel small-molecule TNF-α inhibitor which can lower hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and myelotoxicity induced by Cisplatin.
S3293	Gardenoside	Gardenoside is a natural compound extracted from Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. Gardenoside inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NFκB activation. Gardenoside also has an inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. Gardenoside suppresses the pain in rats model of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors.
S0139	MD2-TLR4-IN-1	MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (compound 22m) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
S9075	Mulberroside A	Mulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38.
S9090	Corilagin	Corilagin, discovered in many medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus speices etc., has multiple activities including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, hepatoprotective and others. It is an inhibitor of TNF-α.
S6850	NE 52-QQ57	NE 52-QQ57 is a selective, and orally available antagonist of G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) with IC50 of 0.07 μM. NE 52-QQ57 effectively blocks GPR4-mediated cAMP accumulation with IC50 of 26.8 nM in HEK293 cells. The antagonism of GPR4 with NE 52-QQ57 significantly inhibits the AGE-induced increased expression of several key inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).	Exp Hematol Oncol, 2024, 13(1):13
A2124	Anti-mouse TNFα-InVivo	Anti-mouse TNFα-InVivo reacts with mouse TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine. TNFα dysregulation is been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. TNFα knockout animals display defects in response to bacterial infection, characterized by defects in forming organized follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers with a lack of primary B cell follicles.
S9417	Homoplantaginin	Homoplantaginin (Hispidulin-7-glucoside), a main flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Homoplantaginin inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.
E2630	SKF-86002	SKF-86002 is an orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulate human monocyte IL-1 and TNF-α production with IC50 of 1 μM, also inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid.
S5584	Citronellol	Citronellol (Dihydrogeraniol, (±)-β-Citronellol), a constituent of rose and geranium oils, is used in perfumes and insect repellents. Citronellol can cause necrotic apoptosis of NCI-H1299 cells by up-regulating TNF-α, RIP1 / RIP3 activities, and down-regulating caspase-3 / caspase-8 activities. Citronellol also results in a biphasic increase in ROS production at 1 h and at 12 h in NCI-H1299 cells.
S8224	PF-3644022	PF-3644022 is a potent freely reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor of MAPKAPK2 (MK2) with an Ki of 3 nM. PF-3644022 also potently inhibits TNFα production with an IC50 of 160 nM.	iScience, 2024, 27(4):109339
S6347	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway.
S9129	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2, Sanchinoside B2, Sanchinoside Rh1) is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. It exhibits potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
S3138	Methylthiouracil	Methylthiouracil (NSC-193526, NSC-9378,MTU) is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.
P1240^New	Etanercept	Etanercept, a dimeric fusion protein, functions as an inhibitor of TNF by binding to TNF. It competitively blocks the attachment of both TNF-α and TNF-β to their cell surface receptors, thereby neutralizing TNF's biological activity. Etanercept has proven effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and plaque psoriasis.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). AX-024 HCl also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.
S5851	4'-Methoxychalcone	4'-Methoxychalcone, found in citrus, is chalcone derivative that has shown diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. 4'-Methoxychalcone significantly enhanced adipocyte differentiation, in part, by its potent effects on PPARγ activation and by its reverse effect on TNF-α.
S3261	Myrislignan	Myrislignan, a lignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt, possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Myrislignan inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Myrislignan significantly inhibits the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dose-dependently in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Myrislignan inhibits the NF-κB signalling pathway activation.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2023, 2023:7098313
E0130	Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide	Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (Apigenin-7-glucuronide) is the major flavonoid found in milk thistle. Apigenin 7-o-glucuronide inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and total nitrite release in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
S1273	Amarogentin	Amarogentin (AG), a secoiridoid glycoside mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots, exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin is an agonist for the bitter taste receptor TAS2R1 and inhibits in LAD-2 cells substance P-induced production of newly synthesized TNF-α. Amarogentin induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells (SNU-16) through G2/M cell cycle arrest and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Amarogentin (AG) interacts with the α2 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activates the trimeric kinase with EC50 of 277 pM.
S3304	Stylopine	Stylopine ((R,S)-Stylopine, Tetrahydrocoptisine) reduces nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and the IL-6 production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity caused by the LPS stimulation. Stylopine is a major component of the leaf of Chelidonium majus L.
A2798	Certolizumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa)	Certolizumab (anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa) is a Fab fragment of a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with anti-inflammatory activity. MW: 144.92 kD.
E3024	Ampelopsis Japonica Root Extract	Ampelopsis Japonica Root Extract is extracted from Ampelopsis japonica, may be a new therapeutic agent with the potential to reduce or replace corticosteroids and its mechanisms are closely related to regulation of TNF-α production.
S9184	Forsythoside B	Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo, a Chinese folk medicinal plant. Forsythoside B has potent neuroprotective effects and has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antisepsis properties. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
S3299	Demethyleneberberine	Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC), significantly alleviates the weight loss and diminishes myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Demethyleneberberine (DMB) potentially ameliorates NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) by activating AMPK pathways.
S8037	Necrostatin-1	Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific RIP1 (RIPK1) inhibitor and inhibits TNF-α-induced necroptosis with EC50 of 490 nM in 293T cells. Necrostatin-1 also blocks IDO and suppresses autophagy and apoptosis.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):113 Mil Med Res, 2024, 11(1):22 Redox Biol, 2024, 75:103270
S1623	Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine)	Acetylcysteine (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, NAC,N-acetylcysteine) is a ROS(reactive oxygen species) inhibitor that antagonizes the activity of proteasome inhibitors. It is also a tumor necrosis factor production inhibitor. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) suppresses TNF-induced NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκB kinases. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) induces apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) inhibits ferroptosis and virus replication.Solutions are unstable and should be fresh-prepared.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4124 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4124 Dev Cell, 2024, S1534-5807(24)00326-5
S1029	Lenalidomide	Lenalidomide is a TNF-α secretion inhibitor with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide promotes cleaved caspase-3 expression and inhibit VEGF expression and induces apoptosis.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9559 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7388 Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
S4902	QNZ (EVP4593)	QNZ (EVP4593) shows potent inhibitory activity toward both NF-κB activation and TNF-α production with IC50 of 11 nM and 7 nM in Jurkat T cells, respectively.	Bioact Mater, 2024, 36:238-255 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1835 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(2):101420
S1567	Pomalidomide	Pomalidomide inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α release with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Pomalidomide can be utilized in PROTAC as a ligand for targeting E3 ligase and inhibiting the E3 ligase protein cereblon (CRBN). Pomalidomide promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7388 Cell Chem Biol, 2024, S2451-9456(24)00396-9 FEBS J, 2024, 10.1111/febs.17196
S7455	Resatorvid (TAK-242)	Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy.	Cancer Cell, 2024, S1535-6108(24)00119-3 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7662 Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103072
S1189	Aprepitant	Aprepitant is a potent and selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 nM. Aprepitant reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. Aprepitant inhibits HIV infection of human macrophages.	Br J Cancer, 2024, 10.1038/s41416-024-02608-8 Inflammation, 2023, 46(1):256-269 Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):4995
S8279	Shikonin	Shikonin, a potent and specific Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor, is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with various biological activities. It is also an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel activity using cell-based fluorescent-quenching assay. Shikonin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevents activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway via proteasome inhibition.	Elife, 2024, 12RP91141 Elife, 2024, 12RP91141 Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev, 2024, 32(3):101307
S1193	Thalidomide	Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative drug, immunomodulatory agent and also is investigated for treating symptoms of many cancers. Thalidomide inhibits cereblon (CRBN), a part of the cullin-4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4-RBX1-DDB1.	Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(10):101752 iScience, 2024, 27(2):109015. bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.03.29.587346
S8034	Apremilast	Apremilast (CC-10004) is a potent and orally active PDE4 and TNF-α inhibitor with IC50 of 74 nM and 77 nM, respectively.	Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1):40 Acta Pharm Sin B, 2022, 12(1):228-245 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(23)12878
S4238	Cepharanthine	Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a biscoclaurine alkaloid inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation and suppressing cytokine production.	SLAS Discov, 2024, S2472-5552(24)00007-8 Cell Death Dis, 2022, 13(11):1000 Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:1070922
S8484	GSK2982772	GSK2982772 is an ATP competitive receptor-interacting protein-1 (RIP1) kinase (RIPK1) inhibitor with the IC50 value of 16 nM. It has exquisite kinase specificity and excellent activity in blocking many TNF-dependent cellular responses.	Antioxidants (Basel), 2021, 10(9)1347 Mol Cell Biochem, 2021, 10.1007/s11010-021-04136-y Exp Ther Med, 2021, 21(2):163
S3924	Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.	J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(8):107542 J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0 J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
S8261	GSK583	GSK583 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of RIP2 kinase with IC50 of 5 nM. GSK583 also inhibits both TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC50 of ~200 nM in explant cultures.	Cancer Res, 2020, canres.530.2020 J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1):364
S0787	3-Deazaadenosine hydrochloride	3-Deazaadenosine HCl (3-DZA, c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase with Ki of 3.9 µM. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of TNF-α and IL-1β. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, prevents FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and reduces FCS-induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-HIV activities.	J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2022, 41(1):36 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 168:25-43
S3292	Falcarindiol	Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13:1128000 Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:656697
S9374	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP, 2-Acetylhydroquinone, Quinacetophenone) is a mixture of dihydroxyacetophenone isomers is used in food flavouring. 2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone significantly inhibits NO production via the suppression of iNOS expression. 2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone significantly decreases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by blocking the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.	Pathol Oncol Res, 2019, 25(1):301-309
S3871	Muscone	Muscone (3-Methylcyclopentadecanone, Methylexaltone), a flavouring ingredient, is an organic compound that is the primary contributor to the odor of musk and also a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Muscone significantly downregulats the levels of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. Muscone remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6).	J Pharm Pharmacol, 2019, 71(11):1706-1713
S9396	Geraniin	Geraniin, a hydrolysable polyphenol derived from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit rind, has been shown to possess significant antioxidant activity in vitro.The IC50 values of TNF-α release inhibition were 43 μM for geraniin.	Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022, 29(1):168-174
S2465	CPI-1189	CPI-1189 (REN 1654, REN 1189) is the proapoptotic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitor. CPI-1189 intracellularly inhibits the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphoactivation and shows neuroprotective effects.	Aging (Albany NY), 2021, 13(5):6712-6723
S9502	Madecassic acid	Madecassic acid (Brahmic acid), a natural triterpene first isolated from C. asiatica, has diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, blocking NF-κB activation in macrophages and causing by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 inhibition.	Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16:3793-3804
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
S3236	Mesaconitine	Mesaconitine, one of the aconite alkaloids in Aconiti tuber, increases the [Ca2+]i level in endothelial cells by influx of Ca2+ from extracellular spaces.
E3067	Trionycis Carapax Extract	Trionycis Carapax Extract is obtained from Carapax Trionycis, of which Carapax Trionycis extracts with molecular weight less than 6 KD (CT6) down-regulates TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6, indicating the potential therapeutic effect of these extracts against liver fibrosis.
E0314	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride is a prodrug compound that is converted to an active form by ester hydrolysis. JTE-607 is a multiple cytokine production inhibitor that targets CPSF3 and inhibits pre-mRNA processing. JTE-607 inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, with IC50 values of 11 nM, 5.9 nM, 8.8 nM, 7.3 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively.
S3231	UCB-9260	UCB-9260 is an orally active inhibitor that inhibits TNF signalling by stabilising an asymmetric form of the trimer. UCB-9260 binds TNF with Kd of 13 nM. UCB-9260 also inhibits NF-κB with IC50 of 202 nM after TNF stimulation.
S0949	Cucurbitacin IIb	Cucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb, Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 25-deacetyl hemslecin A) inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB, blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and induces apoptosis. Cucurbitacin IIb is isolated from Hemsleya amabilis.
S0752	AUDA	AUDA (compound 43) is a potent inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) with IC50 of 18 nM and 69 nM for the mouse sEH and human sEH, respectively. AUDA has anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the protein expression of MMP-9, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β. AUDA downregulates Smad3 and p38 signaling pathways.
S0777	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base)	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base, Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of pan NADPH oxidase (pan-Nox) with Ki of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, respectively. APX-115 free base (Ewha-18278 free base) significantly suppresses the expression of inflammatory molecules including MCP-1/CCL2, IL-6, and TNFα in the diabetic kidney.
S0781	IQ 3	IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. IQ 3 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. IQ 3 also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro.	Int J Biol Sci, 2024, 20(6):2323-2338
S3515	Benpyrine racemate	Benpyrine racemate ((Rac)-Benpyrine) is a potent, highly specific and orally active inhibitor of TNF-α and attenuates TNF-α-induced inflammation, thereby reducing liver and lung injury.
E3245	Piperis Kadsurae Caulis Extract	Piperis Kadsurae Caulis Extract is extracted from Piperis Kadsurae Caulis., which can reduce the expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α in cells.
E3310	Brassica Juncea Seed Extract	Brassica juncea seed Extract is obtained from seeds of Brassica juncea L., which confers a protective/therapeutic effect against thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure in experimental animal models, by markedly downregulating the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and reversing DNA genotoxicity.
E3329	Centella Asiatica Extract	Centella Asiatica Extract is extrcated from Centella Asiatica, which inhibits TNF-alpha and can be used as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.
S3540	UTL-5g	UTL-5g (GBL-5g) is a novel small-molecule TNF-α inhibitor which can lower hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and myelotoxicity induced by Cisplatin.
S3293	Gardenoside	Gardenoside is a natural compound extracted from Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. Gardenoside inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NFκB activation. Gardenoside also has an inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. Gardenoside suppresses the pain in rats model of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors.
S0139	MD2-TLR4-IN-1	MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (compound 22m) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
S9075	Mulberroside A	Mulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38.
S9090	Corilagin	Corilagin, discovered in many medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus speices etc., has multiple activities including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, hepatoprotective and others. It is an inhibitor of TNF-α.
S6850	NE 52-QQ57	NE 52-QQ57 is a selective, and orally available antagonist of G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) with IC50 of 0.07 μM. NE 52-QQ57 effectively blocks GPR4-mediated cAMP accumulation with IC50 of 26.8 nM in HEK293 cells. The antagonism of GPR4 with NE 52-QQ57 significantly inhibits the AGE-induced increased expression of several key inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).	Exp Hematol Oncol, 2024, 13(1):13
S9417	Homoplantaginin	Homoplantaginin (Hispidulin-7-glucoside), a main flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Homoplantaginin inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.
S8224	PF-3644022	PF-3644022 is a potent freely reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor of MAPKAPK2 (MK2) with an Ki of 3 nM. PF-3644022 also potently inhibits TNFα production with an IC50 of 160 nM.	iScience, 2024, 27(4):109339
S6347	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway.
S9129	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2, Sanchinoside B2, Sanchinoside Rh1) is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. It exhibits potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
S3138	Methylthiouracil	Methylthiouracil (NSC-193526, NSC-9378,MTU) is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.
P1240^New	Etanercept	Etanercept, a dimeric fusion protein, functions as an inhibitor of TNF by binding to TNF. It competitively blocks the attachment of both TNF-α and TNF-β to their cell surface receptors, thereby neutralizing TNF's biological activity. Etanercept has proven effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and plaque psoriasis.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). AX-024 HCl also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.
S3261	Myrislignan	Myrislignan, a lignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt, possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Myrislignan inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Myrislignan significantly inhibits the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dose-dependently in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Myrislignan inhibits the NF-κB signalling pathway activation.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2023, 2023:7098313
E0130	Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide	Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (Apigenin-7-glucuronide) is the major flavonoid found in milk thistle. Apigenin 7-o-glucuronide inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and total nitrite release in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
S1273	Amarogentin	Amarogentin (AG), a secoiridoid glycoside mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots, exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin is an agonist for the bitter taste receptor TAS2R1 and inhibits in LAD-2 cells substance P-induced production of newly synthesized TNF-α. Amarogentin induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells (SNU-16) through G2/M cell cycle arrest and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Amarogentin (AG) interacts with the α2 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activates the trimeric kinase with EC50 of 277 pM.
S3304	Stylopine	Stylopine ((R,S)-Stylopine, Tetrahydrocoptisine) reduces nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and the IL-6 production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity caused by the LPS stimulation. Stylopine is a major component of the leaf of Chelidonium majus L.
S9184	Forsythoside B	Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo, a Chinese folk medicinal plant. Forsythoside B has potent neuroprotective effects and has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antisepsis properties. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
S3299	Demethyleneberberine	Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC), significantly alleviates the weight loss and diminishes myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Demethyleneberberine (DMB) potentially ameliorates NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) by activating AMPK pathways.
A2010	Adalimumab (anti-TNF-alpha)	Adalimumab (anti-TNF-alpha) is the first fully human, recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets human TNF-alpha, MW: 144.19 KD.	Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314 Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314 Nature, 2023, 615(7951):305-314
A2019	Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha)	Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha) is a purified, recombinant DNA-derived chimeric human-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody that consists of mouse heavy and light chain variable regions combined with human heavy and light chain constant regions. Infliximab neutralizes the biological activity of TNF-α by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-α, and inhibits or prevents the effective binding of TNF-α with its receptors. MW=144.2 kDa.	Cancer Commun (Lond), 2024, 44(3):408-432 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3902 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3902
A2892	Golimumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa)	Golimumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa) is a human monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) with immunosuppressive activity. MW: 146.94 KD.
A2124	Anti-mouse TNFα-InVivo	Anti-mouse TNFα-InVivo reacts with mouse TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine. TNFα dysregulation is been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. TNFα knockout animals display defects in response to bacterial infection, characterized by defects in forming organized follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers with a lack of primary B cell follicles.
A2798	Certolizumab (Anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa)	Certolizumab (anti-TNFSF2 / TNFa) is a Fab fragment of a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with anti-inflammatory activity. MW: 144.92 kD.
S3865	Taurochenodeoxycholic acid	Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Taurochenodeoxycholate, TCDCA, Chenodeoxycholyltaurine), a bile acid formed in the liver of most species, is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.	Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):6479 Microbiome, 2019, 7(1):145
S2979	CU-T12-9	CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.	Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638 Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S5584	Citronellol	Citronellol (Dihydrogeraniol, (±)-β-Citronellol), a constituent of rose and geranium oils, is used in perfumes and insect repellents. Citronellol can cause necrotic apoptosis of NCI-H1299 cells by up-regulating TNF-α, RIP1 / RIP3 activities, and down-regulating caspase-3 / caspase-8 activities. Citronellol also results in a biphasic increase in ROS production at 1 h and at 12 h in NCI-H1299 cells.
S6643	R-7050	R-7050 is a cell permeable TNF-α receptor antagonist and is 2.3-fold more selective for TNF-α-mediated signaling than for that driven by IL-1β.	Ren Fail, 2023, 45(1):2220418 Elife, 2022, 11e73792 Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(24)15522
S5851	4'-Methoxychalcone	4'-Methoxychalcone, found in citrus, is chalcone derivative that has shown diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. 4'-Methoxychalcone significantly enhanced adipocyte differentiation, in part, by its potent effects on PPARγ activation and by its reverse effect on TNF-α.
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605 Front Immunol, 2024, 15:1331480 Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
S7942	Bioymifi	Bioymifi, a small-molecule death receptor 5 (DR5) agonist, binds to the extracellular domain(ECD) of DR5 with a Kd of 1.2 μM but showed little binding affinity to the DR4 ECD. It induces DR5 clustering and aggregation, leading to apoptosis.	Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):27 Front Immunol, 2020, 11:1345
E2630	SKF-86002	SKF-86002 is an orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulate human monocyte IL-1 and TNF-α production with IC50 of 1 μM, also inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid.
S1537	Vadimezan (DMXAA)	Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agents (VDA) and competitive inhibitor of DT-diaphorase with Ki of 20 μM and IC50 of 62.5 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. DMXAA (Vadimezan) is also a STING agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. DMXAA (Vadimezan) potently induces IFN-β but relatively low TNF-α expression in vitro. DMXAA (Vadimezan) has antiviral activity. Phase 3.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):186 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1750 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(7):101648
E3633	Ginger Extract	Ginger Extract is extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which has antioxidant potential and regulates STAT6 and TNF- α pathways.
E3634	Ginger Extract(1%)	Ginger Extract(1%) is extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which has antioxidant potential and regulates STAT6 and TNF- α pathways.
E3024	Ampelopsis Japonica Root Extract	Ampelopsis Japonica Root Extract is extracted from Ampelopsis japonica, may be a new therapeutic agent with the potential to reduce or replace corticosteroids and its mechanisms are closely related to regulation of TNF-α production.
P1240^New	Etanercept	Etanercept, a dimeric fusion protein, functions as an inhibitor of TNF by binding to TNF. It competitively blocks the attachment of both TNF-α and TNF-β to their cell surface receptors, thereby neutralizing TNF's biological activity. Etanercept has proven effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and plaque psoriasis.

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