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IFN Products

All (30)
IFN Inhibitors (12)
IFN Antibodies (9)
IFN Activators (7)
IFN Agonists (2)
New IFN Products

Catalog No.	Product Name	Information	Product Use Citations
S1537	Vadimezan (DMXAA)	Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agents (VDA) and competitive inhibitor of DT-diaphorase with Ki of 20 μM and IC50 of 62.5 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. DMXAA (Vadimezan) is also a STING agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. DMXAA (Vadimezan) potently induces IFN-β but relatively low TNF-α expression in vitro. DMXAA (Vadimezan) has antiviral activity. Phase 3.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):186 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1750 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(7):101648
S6494	CCCP	CCCP (Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone), an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, is a protonophore mitochondrial uncoupler that increases membrane permeability to protons, leading to a disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), the protonophore, can inhibits STING-mediated IFN-β production via disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1785 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1669 Redox Biol, 2024, 69:103002
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605 Front Immunol, 2024, 15:1331480 Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
S7259	FLLL32	FLLL32 is a potent JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of <5 μM. FLLL32 inhibits the induction of STAT3 phosphorylation by IFNα and IL-6 in breast cancer cells.	Cancer Commun -Lond), 2023, 43(10):1117-1142 Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480 Pathol Oncol Res, 2022, 28:1610273
S3544	VBIT-4	VBIT-4 is a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) oligomerization inhibitor that decreases mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, type I interferon (IFN) signaling, neutrophil extracellular traps, and disease severity in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.	Nature, 2023, 620(7973):374-380 Nature, 2023, 620(7973):374-380 Acta Pharm Sin B, 2023, 13(12):4765-4784
S3023	Bufexamac	Bufexamac(Bufexamic acid) is a COX inhibitor for IFN-α release with EC50 of 8.9 μM.	Biomedicines, 2024, 12(6)1203 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(9)4559 Reprod Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s43032-021-00533-2
S5588	Creatine	Creatine (Methylguanidoacetic acid) is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates. It facilitates the recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) primarily in muscle and brain tissue.Creatine can inhibits the JAK-STAT1 signal transmission by inhibiting the interaction of IFN-γ receptors with JAK2 in an ATP-independent manner, thereby inhibiting downstream pro-inflammatory gene expression.	Aging (Albany NY), 2022, 14(16):6796-6808 Cancer Cell, 2021, S1535-6108(21)00445-1 Histochem Cell Biol, 2021, 156(3):227-237
S3924	Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.	J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(8):107542 J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0 J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
S2259	Aloe-emodin	Aloe-emodin (NSC 38628, Rhabarberone) is an interferon-inducing agent with IC50 of about 1 μg/mL for JEV and of about 0.33 μg/mL for EV71.	PLoS One, 2019, 14(4):e0215664 J Tradit Complement Med, 2015, 5(2):96-9
A2121	Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo	Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo monoclonal antibody (Clone: MAR1-5A3) reacts with mouse IFNAR-1 (IFN alpha/beta receptor subunit 1). Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo has been shown to inhibit Type I IFN receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo.	Cell Rep, 2023, 42(1):112002 Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1):137
S8879	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165)	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a highly potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of Tyk2 with a Ki value of 0.02 nM for binding to the Tyk2 pseudokinase domain. It is highly selective against a panel of 265 kinases and pseudokinases.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1718 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1337 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7165
S0289	KIN1148	KIN1148 is an agonist of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) that induces dose-dependent IRF3 nuclear translocation and specific activation of IRF3-responsive promoters. KIN1148 is an influenza vaccine adjuvant that enhances flu vaccine efficacy.	J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2022, S0091-6749(22)01423-3
S8954	G10 (STING agonist-1)	G10 (STING agonist-1) is a novel human-specific STING agonist that triggers IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/ type I interferon (IFN)-associated transcription in human fibroblasts. STING agonist-1 (G10) potently reduces growth of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) with IC90 of 8.01 μM and blocks replication of Alphavirus species Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) with IC90 of 24.57 μM.	Int J Biol Sci, 2023, 19(11):3428-3440
S0437	SAR-20347	SAR-20347 is a potent inhibitor of TYK2, JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 with IC50 of 0.6 nM, 23 nM, 26 nM and 41 nM, respectively. SAR-20347 inhibits TYK2- and JAK1-mediated IL-12 and IFN-α signaling.	Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431 Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
E2982	IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride	IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride is a nonpeptidic, low-molecular-weight inhibitor that inhibits the interaction between IFN-α and IFNAR. IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride inhibits modified Vaccinia virus ankara (MVA)-induced IFN-α responses in murine bone-marrow-derived, Flt3- L-differentiated pDC cultures (BM-pDCs) with IC50 value of 2-8 μM.
A2152^New	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons.	Antib Ther, 2024, 7(3):266-280
A2867	Fontolizumab (Anti-IFNg)	Fontolizumab (anti-IFNg) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against interferon-gamma (IFN-g) with immunomodulatory activity. MW: 144.8.
S3827	Royal jelly acid	Royal jelly acid (10-Hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, 10H2DA) is the principal lipid component in royal jelly which is the food for queen and larvae honeybees. It is involved in several treatment processes of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated macrophage responses, inhibition of T-cell proliferation and anti-rheumatoid activity.
A2460	Anifrolumab (Anti-IFNAR1)	Anifrolumab (Anti-IFNAR1) is a human monoclonal antibody. It is a type I interferon (IFN) receptor antagonist, that blocks the activity of type I interferon. Anifrolumab can be used in research of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MW: 145.5 KD.
A2461	Sifalimumab (Anti-IFNa1)	Sifalimumab (Anti-IFNa1) is an anti-IFNα monoclonal antibody. Sifalimumab suppresses the abnormal immune activity by binding to multiple interferon-alpha (IFNα) subtypes. MW: 145.5 KD.
A2664	Rontalizumab (Anti-IFNa1)	Rontalizumab (Anti-IFNa1) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targets IFN-α. It can be used for the research of systemic lupus erythematosus. MW :150 KD.
S5020	Tilorone dihydrochloride	Tilorone dihydrochloride is a broad-spectrum, orally active antiviral agent that activates interferon production. It has antitumor, anti-inflammatory properties.
S7904	2',3'-cGAMP Sodium Salt	2',3'-cGAMP Sodium Salt (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP Sodium) is produced in response to DNA in the cytoplasm in mammalian cells and binds STING with high affinity and is an effective inducer of interferon-β (IFNβ). 2',3'-cGAMP binds to STING with Kd of 3.79 nM.	Nat Cell Biol, 2024, 10.1038/s41556-024-01473-0 Life Sci Alliance, 2024, 7(6)e202402644
S7905	3',3'-cGAMP	3',3'-cGAMP (3',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, Cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby inducing an antiviral state and the secretion of type I IFNs.
A2938	Anti-IFNg (AMG 811)	Anti-IFNg (AMG 811) is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG1 isotype) that selectively targets human IFNgamma 7. It has potential to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MW: 144.36 KD.
A2105	Anti-mouse IFNγ-InVivo	The R4-6A2 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) which is a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons. The R4-6A2 antibody has been shown to neutralize both natural and recombinant IFNγ.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4913 iScience, 2024, 27(4):109545
E0448^New	RO8191	RO8191 (CDM-3008, RO4948191), an imidazonaphthyridine compound, is an orally active and potent agonist of interferon (IFN) receptor. RO8191 binds directly to the IFNα/β receptor 2 (IFNAR2), activating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression and the phosphorylation of JAK/STAT signaling.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). AX-024 HCl also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.
A2041	Emapalumab (anti-IFNγ)	Emapalumab (anti-IFNγ), a monoclonal antibody directed against IFNγ, is the first global approval for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with refractory.	Blood Adv, 2024, bloodadvances.2023012522
S6494	CCCP	CCCP (Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone), an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, is a protonophore mitochondrial uncoupler that increases membrane permeability to protons, leading to a disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), the protonophore, can inhibits STING-mediated IFN-β production via disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1785 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1669 Redox Biol, 2024, 69:103002
S7259	FLLL32	FLLL32 is a potent JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of <5 μM. FLLL32 inhibits the induction of STAT3 phosphorylation by IFNα and IL-6 in breast cancer cells.	Cancer Commun -Lond), 2023, 43(10):1117-1142 Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480 Pathol Oncol Res, 2022, 28:1610273
S3544	VBIT-4	VBIT-4 is a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) oligomerization inhibitor that decreases mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, type I interferon (IFN) signaling, neutrophil extracellular traps, and disease severity in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.	Nature, 2023, 620(7973):374-380 Nature, 2023, 620(7973):374-380 Acta Pharm Sin B, 2023, 13(12):4765-4784
S3023	Bufexamac	Bufexamac(Bufexamic acid) is a COX inhibitor for IFN-α release with EC50 of 8.9 μM.	Biomedicines, 2024, 12(6)1203 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(9)4559 Reprod Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s43032-021-00533-2
S5588	Creatine	Creatine (Methylguanidoacetic acid) is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates. It facilitates the recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) primarily in muscle and brain tissue.Creatine can inhibits the JAK-STAT1 signal transmission by inhibiting the interaction of IFN-γ receptors with JAK2 in an ATP-independent manner, thereby inhibiting downstream pro-inflammatory gene expression.	Aging (Albany NY), 2022, 14(16):6796-6808 Cancer Cell, 2021, S1535-6108(21)00445-1 Histochem Cell Biol, 2021, 156(3):227-237
S3924	Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.	J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(8):107542 J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0 J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
S8879	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165)	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a highly potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of Tyk2 with a Ki value of 0.02 nM for binding to the Tyk2 pseudokinase domain. It is highly selective against a panel of 265 kinases and pseudokinases.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1718 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1337 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):7165
S0437	SAR-20347	SAR-20347 is a potent inhibitor of TYK2, JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 with IC50 of 0.6 nM, 23 nM, 26 nM and 41 nM, respectively. SAR-20347 inhibits TYK2- and JAK1-mediated IL-12 and IFN-α signaling.	Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431 Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
E2982	IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride	IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride is a nonpeptidic, low-molecular-weight inhibitor that inhibits the interaction between IFN-α and IFNAR. IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride inhibits modified Vaccinia virus ankara (MVA)-induced IFN-α responses in murine bone-marrow-derived, Flt3- L-differentiated pDC cultures (BM-pDCs) with IC50 value of 2-8 μM.
S3827	Royal jelly acid	Royal jelly acid (10-Hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, 10H2DA) is the principal lipid component in royal jelly which is the food for queen and larvae honeybees. It is involved in several treatment processes of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated macrophage responses, inhibition of T-cell proliferation and anti-rheumatoid activity.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). AX-024 HCl also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.
A2121	Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo	Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo monoclonal antibody (Clone: MAR1-5A3) reacts with mouse IFNAR-1 (IFN alpha/beta receptor subunit 1). Anti-mouse IFNAR-1-InVivo has been shown to inhibit Type I IFN receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo.	Cell Rep, 2023, 42(1):112002 Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1):137
A2152^New	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons.	Antib Ther, 2024, 7(3):266-280
A2867	Fontolizumab (Anti-IFNg)	Fontolizumab (anti-IFNg) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against interferon-gamma (IFN-g) with immunomodulatory activity. MW: 144.8.
A2460	Anifrolumab (Anti-IFNAR1)	Anifrolumab (Anti-IFNAR1) is a human monoclonal antibody. It is a type I interferon (IFN) receptor antagonist, that blocks the activity of type I interferon. Anifrolumab can be used in research of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MW: 145.5 KD.
A2461	Sifalimumab (Anti-IFNa1)	Sifalimumab (Anti-IFNa1) is an anti-IFNα monoclonal antibody. Sifalimumab suppresses the abnormal immune activity by binding to multiple interferon-alpha (IFNα) subtypes. MW: 145.5 KD.
A2664	Rontalizumab (Anti-IFNa1)	Rontalizumab (Anti-IFNa1) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targets IFN-α. It can be used for the research of systemic lupus erythematosus. MW :150 KD.
A2938	Anti-IFNg (AMG 811)	Anti-IFNg (AMG 811) is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG1 isotype) that selectively targets human IFNgamma 7. It has potential to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MW: 144.36 KD.
A2105	Anti-mouse IFNγ-InVivo	The R4-6A2 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) which is a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons. The R4-6A2 antibody has been shown to neutralize both natural and recombinant IFNγ.	Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):4913 iScience, 2024, 27(4):109545
A2041	Emapalumab (anti-IFNγ)	Emapalumab (anti-IFNγ), a monoclonal antibody directed against IFNγ, is the first global approval for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with refractory.	Blood Adv, 2024, bloodadvances.2023012522
S1537	Vadimezan (DMXAA)	Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agents (VDA) and competitive inhibitor of DT-diaphorase with Ki of 20 μM and IC50 of 62.5 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. DMXAA (Vadimezan) is also a STING agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. DMXAA (Vadimezan) potently induces IFN-β but relatively low TNF-α expression in vitro. DMXAA (Vadimezan) has antiviral activity. Phase 3.	Mol Cancer, 2024, 23(1):186 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1750 Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(7):101648
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605 Front Immunol, 2024, 15:1331480 Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
S2259	Aloe-emodin	Aloe-emodin (NSC 38628, Rhabarberone) is an interferon-inducing agent with IC50 of about 1 μg/mL for JEV and of about 0.33 μg/mL for EV71.	PLoS One, 2019, 14(4):e0215664 J Tradit Complement Med, 2015, 5(2):96-9
S8954	G10 (STING agonist-1)	G10 (STING agonist-1) is a novel human-specific STING agonist that triggers IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/ type I interferon (IFN)-associated transcription in human fibroblasts. STING agonist-1 (G10) potently reduces growth of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) with IC90 of 8.01 μM and blocks replication of Alphavirus species Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) with IC90 of 24.57 μM.	Int J Biol Sci, 2023, 19(11):3428-3440
S5020	Tilorone dihydrochloride	Tilorone dihydrochloride is a broad-spectrum, orally active antiviral agent that activates interferon production. It has antitumor, anti-inflammatory properties.
S7904	2',3'-cGAMP Sodium Salt	2',3'-cGAMP Sodium Salt (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP Sodium) is produced in response to DNA in the cytoplasm in mammalian cells and binds STING with high affinity and is an effective inducer of interferon-β (IFNβ). 2',3'-cGAMP binds to STING with Kd of 3.79 nM.	Nat Cell Biol, 2024, 10.1038/s41556-024-01473-0 Life Sci Alliance, 2024, 7(6)e202402644
S7905	3',3'-cGAMP	3',3'-cGAMP (3',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, Cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby inducing an antiviral state and the secretion of type I IFNs.
S0289	KIN1148	KIN1148 is an agonist of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) that induces dose-dependent IRF3 nuclear translocation and specific activation of IRF3-responsive promoters. KIN1148 is an influenza vaccine adjuvant that enhances flu vaccine efficacy.	J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2022, S0091-6749(22)01423-3
E0448^New	RO8191	RO8191 (CDM-3008, RO4948191), an imidazonaphthyridine compound, is an orally active and potent agonist of interferon (IFN) receptor. RO8191 binds directly to the IFNα/β receptor 2 (IFNAR2), activating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression and the phosphorylation of JAK/STAT signaling.
A2152^New	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo	Anti-mouse IFNγ (XMG1.2)-InVivo reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons.	Antib Ther, 2024, 7(3):266-280
E0448^New	RO8191	RO8191 (CDM-3008, RO4948191), an imidazonaphthyridine compound, is an orally active and potent agonist of interferon (IFN) receptor. RO8191 binds directly to the IFNα/β receptor 2 (IFNAR2), activating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression and the phosphorylation of JAK/STAT signaling.

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