MG132

MG-132 displays >1000 times more activity than ZLLal in inhibiting the ZLLL-MCA-degrading activity of 20S proteasome with IC50 of 100 nM versus 110 μM. MG-132 also inhibits calpain with IC50 of 1.2 μM. MG-132 induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells at an optimal concentration of 20 nM, displaying 500 times more potency than ZLLal. ^[1] MG-132 (10 μM) potently inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene transcription, and IL-8 protein release in A549 cells by inhibition of proteasome-mediated IκBα degradation. ^[2] MG-132 treatment potently induces p53-dependent apoptosis in KIM-2 cells by 26S proteasome inhibition. ^[3] Unlike BzLLLCOCHO or PS-341, MG-132 treatment results in weak inhibition of the chymotrypsinlike (CT-L) and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolysing (PGPH) activities of the 26S proteasome, whereas multiple myeloma cells (U266 and OPM-2) are more sensitive to induction of apoptosis by MG-132 than BzLLLCOCHO. ^[4] MG-132 (1 μM) sensitizes TRAIL-resistant prostate cancer cells by activating the AP-1 family members c-Fos and c-Jun, which, in turn, repress the antiapoptotic molecule c-FLIP(L). ^[5] MG-132 significantly enhances the ability of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) to reduce cellular metabolic activity in both PC3 and DU145 androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPCa) cell lines. ^[6]

Administration of MG-132 effectively rescues the expression levels and plasma membrane localization of dystrophin, β-dystroglycan, α-bdystroglycan, and α-sarcoglycan in skeletal muscle fibers from mdx mice, reduces muscle membrane damage, and ameliorates the histopathological signs of muscular dystrophy. ^[7] MG-132 treatment significantly reduces immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice, by downregulating the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1 mRNA. ^[8]

• Measurement of inhibitory activities of MG-132 against 20S proteasome

  The reaction mixture for the 20S proteasome inhibitory assay contains 0.1 M Tris-acetate, pH 7.0, 20S proteasome, MG-132, and 25 μM substrate dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide in a final volume of 1 mL. After incuba tion at 37 °C for 15 minutes, the reaction is stopped by the addition of 0.1 mL of 10% SDS and 0.9 mL of 0.1M Tris acetate, pH 9.0. The fluorescence of the reaction products is measured. To determine the IC50 against 20S proteasome, various concentrations of MG-132 are included in the assay mixture.

• Cell lines

  KIM-2, HC11, and ES

• Concentrations

  Dissolved in DMSO, final concentrations ~25 μM

• Incubation Time

  24 and 48 hours

• Method

  Cells are exposed to various concentrations of MG-132 for 24, and 48 hours. Supernatant and monolayer cells are harvested by centrifugation and fixed in 70% ethanol in PBS for staining with acridine orange. Equal volumes of cells and acridine orange (5 mg/mL in PBS) are mixed on a microscope slide and examined by fluorescence microscopy. For annexin V analysis, cells are harvested by centrifugation and stained with annexin V and propidium iodide. For cell cycle analysis, cells are rehydrated in PBS at room temperature for 10 minutes, followed by staining with propidium iodide (5 mg/mL). All samples are analyzed using a Coulter Epics XL flow cytometer.

• Animal Models

  Male mdx (C57BL/10ScSn DMD mdx) mice

• Dosages

  ~10 μg/kg/day

• Administration

  Injection